SELF

24

S.B. Karavashkin and O.N. Karavashkina

Now, basing on the premature results describing the regularities of transformation of elementary volumes in the transformed cloud, we can find the modelling equation of process. We will proceed from the fact that in centrally-symmetric gravity compression, “the attraction force affecting the body moving inside the Earth will be equal to the attraction force created by a sphere with radius equal to the distance from a body to the Earth centre. The value of this force can be determined same as the value of force affecting the bodies located on the Earth’s surface” [20, p. 184]. As the problem is centrally symmetrical, the substance heterogeneity in radius does not change this solution, although some corrects the law of pressure distribution in the depth of gravitating body.

Basing on this regularity of internal gravity interaction and noting the substance redistribution within the cloud, the force affecting the selected volume v with the mass m located at the distance r₁ from the centre (0 r₁ R₀) is determined as

where r₁ is the radius at which the selected volume v_m with the mass m is located, M'_cloud is the cloud mass contained in the volume with radius r₁ , and ₁(r) is the cloud density in the volume of radius r₁ . As we can see from (26), as opposite to the problem solved in [18, p. 9], in (26) we accounted the change of density of gravitating mass in approaching to the centre. This refinement added us difficulty with finding the solution of the modelling equation (26), because the dependence of cloud density on radius is expressed in the right part of (26) by the definite integral, which disables us writing directly the sought differential equation. And we may not use the tool for solving the integral equations, as in the final expression the nucleus of the integral will contain additionally a complicated definite integral. To show it, let us finish the construction of the modelling equation. We have to pass from the concept of gravity force affecting the selected volume to the concept of pressure of exterior layers of the cloud onto those interior. Yield

or in the integral form

We see from (28) that the integral in the integrand is taken in limits additional to the limits of major integral, and this complicates the expression. We can surmount it due to the fact that after the substance redistribution, the mass of all selected volumes will remain, which means, the sequence of equalities

is true. Furthermore, noting the constant mass of selected volumes, we may write

Substituting (29) and (30) into (28), yield

Finally, noting the adiabatic pattern of process, we may substitute in the left part the pressure by the density, according to (22). So yield

To pass to the expression for calculation, we have to express r₁ through r₀ in the denominator of integrand. It is difficult to do it in differential form, as, according to (24), this relation contains the sums in the values of smaller order. But in the finite differences we can do it, premising the small height of selected volumes. First of all, notice that according to the statement of problem, the volumes redistribution in the height with their simultaneous transformation does not cause the change the volume of cloud, hence

where n is the number of divisions of the cloud radius R₀ .

It follows from (33) that

With (34) and (25) we may write the condition of constant mass of selected volume (21) as follows:

Thinking the number of divisions to be quite large, we can neglect in (35) the power of r_i higher that first and determine from this expression the degree of transformation of the selected ith volume. To do so, let us rewrite (35) as

from which, accurate to the first power of r_i , yield

The yielded expression (37) allows us to determine sequentially the degree of transformation of the elementary volumes of the cloud in its gravity compression. With it, we can take as the starting point of numerical computation the exterior boundary of cloud that is given unchanged. Noting (37), we also can think the relationship (24) defined between r_1i and r_0i , as above. The calculation scheme will take the form of the system of two equations

which is solved by the fitting parameter. The function described by this system of equations is plotted in Fig. 5.

  Fig. 5. The substance density distribution in the cloud after the redistribution occurred under affection of the gravity forces. The cloud mass is M_cloud =10 M , the initial temperature of the cloud is T₀ = 4^o K , the cloud radius is R₀ = 1,5410¹⁶ m , the initial density of cloud ₀ = 1,310^-18 kg / m³ , both last have been determined from the Shklovsky condition (17)

This estimating calculation shows, even in a cloud comparably not large in mass, the substance is shrunk from the periphery to the centre. Of course, in a real cloud this process is not so much directed as in the calculation. The interior turbulence will considerably blur the central region; none the less, the temperature there will be by orders higher than that at the periphery, and in large cloud masses – even by dozens and hundreds of orders, which corroborates the possibility of energy self-concentration by way of redistribution under affection of internal gravity forces.

At the same time, the calculation shows, the primary concentration of the substance, especially of small astronomic masses, is unable to form a single star. Stars can form only in considerable cloud masses, and not because of primordially shrinking substance but by way of redistribution of local masses of the cloud, due to inevitable internal turbulence of substance within the primordially shrinking cloud. And with insufficiently growing temperature and growing density of substance during the primordial shrinkage, an incomplete star formation is possible (when the temperature of clusters increases to the level of primordial electron cocoons formation but is insufficient to ‘switch on’ the thermonuclear ‘boilers’ at least in one cluster), which would be able to stimulate other clusters. In this case the process is stabilised for quite long term, until it is stimulated by some external processes either by interior turbulence. Then we will see the globules in the clouds, like that shown in Fig. 6.

  Fig. 6. The globular clusters: the object IC2391. The image was taken by the telescope ROSAT/PSPC in soft X-rays, www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research/stars_and_galaxy.htm

Their distinctive feature is the cellar structure with a considerable density of unformed substance between the clusters. Although the described process of stabilisation can have a long duration, the remaining turbulence, with initially weak electron cocoons unable to properly isolate the clusters from each other and from the cloud, will finally cause that at least in one of clusters, by way of joining with others or by redistributed substance, there will appear the conditions initiating the thermonuclear boiler, and it will stimulate the processes in the surrounding objects, which will structurise the cloud into a galaxy.

Thus, our numerical calculation showed that in accordance with known physical laws, there is possible the energy concentration in a local region, by way of substance redistribution. And as we showed above, with a conventional calculation technique the entropy of this process will be negative. And here we have to draw the Reader’s attention, the calculation was conventional. As we could see when modelling, simultaneously with the cloud’s substance redistribution, the temperature of local regions will inevitably change, while the entropy means the temperature unchanged. So logically, we may not consider from the view of entropy concept the processes in which the energy added either taken away inevitably changes the temperature of system. With it practically vanishes the physical basis for this parameter, as all physical processes related to the interior energy change inevitably change the temperature. Only the phase transition of substance remains that usually is a classical example of entropy process, as “the phase-to-phase transition occurs (in the given direction) always at an exact temperature. The ice begins melting at 0 ^oC  and in further heating the temperature remains constant up to the moment when all ice turns into water. During this process the ice and water co-exist in touch with each other” [4, p. 215–216]. At the same time, from the description of phase transition we see, this process is essentially nonlinear due to broken bonds, while the very idea of entropy is applicable exceptionally to linear processes; this makes such application of entropy even incorrect. The matter is not even, how slowly, how quasi-static will we conduct the phase transition: it is important that the bonds break in this process, and the slowness does not matter. Actually, “We can express the entropy of quasi-closed-loop system through the density of probability (p, q) involved in the classical Gibbs distribution” [11, p. 398]. At the same time, “In classical approximation, we have to substitute the discrete set of probabilities of different states by a continuous distribution. The state of the system of N particles having 3N degrees of freedom in quasi-static approximation we determine by the coordinates q₁, q₂, ..., q_3N and p₁, p₂, ..., p_3N . The system’s energy (p, q) is expressed as a continuous function of all coordinates and pulses. As we can think the energy in classical approximation to be a continuous function, the probability distribution of different states of the system is also expressed by a continuous function” [11, p. 375]. And in phase transitions we may not connect the functions of solid and liquid states by a continuous curve, as in passing from one state to another we spend an additional energy to break/form bonds. This means, the Gibbs distribution on whose basis the system’s entropy is usually derived is inapplicable to the processes of phase transitions.

From this analysis there follows a natural question: to which physical processes the concept ‘entropy’ is applicable from the view of its phenomenology, if for the systems with interior sources this is invalid, for systems with nonlinear processes of energy supply/removal this concept also losses its sense, and in large-scale ideal gas systems the interactions are revealed which the concept ‘entropy’ is unable to account?