nstar

Should we be able to observe things in sequentially increasing scale, down to subatomic particles, we would demonstrate all laws of physics. Plasma physics prohibits stars to have magnetic field. However now we know, stars and planets have it. Solution of this phenomenon is hid in the physics of atom. Electron envelopes surrounding celestial bodies cause basic phenomena corroborated by observation astronomy and have key part in stars and planets evolution

Key words: cosmology, cosmogony, electric field of stars, magnetic field of stars

Classification by MSC 2000: 83F05; 85-99; 85A15; 85A40

Classification by PASC 2001: 95.10.-a; 95.30.-k; 95.30.Qd; 97.10.Bt; 97.10.Cv; 97.10.Ex; 97.10.Ld

In 1877, British astronomer Abney [1] found a technique to determine the star rotation velocity applying the Doppler effect. However only in 1928 (51 year after!) two astronomers, O. Struve [2] (USA) and G. Shine [3] (Russia) solved this problem practically.

After rotation of multitude stars has been studied with the help of Abney - Struve - Shine technique, their rotation velocities appeared to be related with their spectral class. Massive stars have most rotation velocities, and yellow and red dwarfs have them least. All main characteristics, such as spectral class, mass, surface temperature, and luminosity, vary in the main sequence continuously and smoothly, though as to rotation velocity we cannot state so. Rotation velocity of stars that belong to the class T abruptly falls, and nearby class F5 it jumps from 100…150 km/s (surface velocity) to 0…50 km/s. And dwarfs of spectral classes G, K and M almost do not rotate.

This fact caused the researchers to conclude that stars evolve from massive bodies to dwarfs, and only when achieved class F5, they can have planet systems which, with mass loss by only 0,001 of that total, in some way take from the star about 98% of rotation moment during their formation.

This fact based on observation conclusion doubts all hypotheses expressed before: nebular by Kant, Laplace, Fay, Ligonde, Schmidt, Veizzekker, Fesenkov and others, as far as only a star without planets originates from a gas-dust cloud; catastrophic by Brown, Arrenius, Chamberlin, Moulton, Jeans and others, as a catastrophe is not so often event in the space, though the above fact of jumping rotation velocity of star is a regular and certain phenomenon strongly connected with the stellar magnitude; tidal, or rotation instability hypotheses based on splashing out substance, by Darwin, Hoyle and others, since larger and hotter fast rotating stars (500 km/s and higher) reveal stability, whilst F5 stars suddenly lose their rotation velocity almost without mass change.

Researchers became insistently seeking the physical mechanisms and approaches to the problem of planet systems formation. First Swedish astronomer Alven [4] expressed an idea that star can pass its rotation moment to the clusters of substance in the orbits through the magnetic field.

Hoyle [5] developed this idea and showed in calculation that after the star passes a part of its rotation moment to the interstellar medium, their rotation velocity is very high and corresponds to that of the most hot and massive stars. Then he calculated that a protostar, having the mass equal to that of Sun and radius 40 times more than that of Sun, will have at the equator the centrifugal force balancing the force of attraction. The instability onsets and the substance of star separates from it, forming a disk. We can expect in the forming star the presence of general magnetic field. The magnetic connection between the separated substance and star impedes the star rotation (because of angular velocities).

Hypothesis by Hoyle contains few guesses and suppositions having no explanation: where from have stars their magnetic field; how do they lose their mass before they achieve the F5 class; how the formed disk divides into separate rings which in their turn form planets, and others. His hypothesis explains neither of these guesses, nor how the planets sort their substance by the chemical composition.

In 1962, French astrophysicist Shatzman [6] supposed that if magnetic field existed on stars (he also cannot tell, where from), it causes the possibility to lose the rotation moment without planets formation. He indicates the following observation fact: the Sun regularly ejects the flows of hot ionised gas from the areas named sunspots with the velocities of hundreds and thousands km/s. Now these flows are small, but in the past it could be otherwise. The charged (ionised) flow of substance on the account of bond with magnetic field of star gains, above the radial velocity, also tangential, as with the distance from star "the rays" of magnetic field have the same angular velocity as the star has, but the tangential velocity grows. At some moment the field will be so weakened (as the inverse squares) that it already cannot contain the substance, it breaks away and flies out into space. Thus, passing their rotational moment to the ejected substance, stars decelerate their rotation.

We see from Shatzman's work, there outlined a basically new approach, how to explain the deceleration of stars rotation and mass loss mechanism which does not interlink the rotational deceleration with the disk formation, neither with the pre-existence of some gas-dust cloud.

Su Shu-huang [7] and Hayashi [8] have supported Shatzman's ideas. In 1965, Su Shu-huang calculated Shatzman's mechanism for the Sun system and showed, the Sun had lost the main part of its rotational moment before the planet system formation. He concluded that just at the moment when the Sun was a protostar (T-type star) it had powerful active areas like today dark spots where from the magnetised plasma has been ejected. And only at the last stage of this process the ejected substance begins to form gas-dust disks from which then planets form.

Hayashi has developed the protostar evolution theory from which a very important conclusion follows: stormy convective motions are inherent only in stars whose mass is less than 1,5 of Sun mass with which Hoyle connected the existence of "frozen" magnetic field.

Alven, Hoyle, Shatzman, Su Shu-huang and Hayashi with the help of observation astronomy and astrophysics created the frame of cosmogonic hypothesis from which we already can see real features of processes of formation of stars and planet systems around them. There remains only to explain a number of observed facts - such as existence of magnetic field, mechanism of substance ejection from the star, substance distribution in planets by chemical composition etc.

The star substance - plasma - is "the gas consisting of positively and negatively charged particles in such proportion at which the general charge is zero" (Frank-Kamenetsky [9]). Already from this definition it is absolutely clear that plasma has to conduct the current easily and magnetic field can control it, but plasma itself can create neither current nor field. In this way the plasma physics forbids stars to have magnetic field. However now we certainly know, not only stars (and the Sun) but also planets (in particular, the Earth) do have it.

The solution of this phenomenon lies in physics of atom: when the celestial body (star or planet) forms, gravitation creates inside it such compression that overcomes the electric repel of electrons in the outer layers of atoms and ions and compresses them so close to each other that they participate in charge compensation of neighbouring cores. Electron envelopes break down.

This breakdown has two causes. Frenkel has indicated the first so: "collectivisation (forced one, caused by approach under pressure - N.N.) can envelop not only exterior electrons but also electrons of deeper layers of envelope surrounding the core, up to complete liquidation of electron envelope and transformation of the star substance into "naked" cores immersed into extremely compressed electron gas" [10].

The second cause was indicated by Eddington in 1923. By his opinion, this cause is the thermal ionisation as the consequence of substance heating in compression during star formation. Apparently both causes are present in this process.

SELF	10
Nicolay K. Noskov