V.4 No 1

11

Cosmological cosmogonical nebular hypothesis

We can consider the result of these processes. Electron emission and charges redistribution result from destroyed envelopes: a part of electrons that are already unnecessary in electron envelopes rise to the surface and create a powerful electron envelope around the star; now they participate in compensation of common positive charge of the internal region of the star. There the rotating body (star or planet) involves them into motion, there Ampere forces differentiate them into separate belt flows.

On Jupiter and Saturn, powerful layers of atmosphere reach their electron envelopes, whereupon they get coloured and there occurs an unusual and at the first glance unexplainable phenomenon, when at different belts the upper layers of atmosphere move with different velocities, and there exist clear boundaries of velocity.

Existence of electron envelopes around massive celestial bodies (in that number around the Earth) causes few observable basic consequences that are corroborated by observational astronomy. They play the key part in evolution of stars and planetary systems. What is this part?

First, moving electron envelopes of celestial bodies create their magnetic fields, but this is not the "frozen" vertical field of which wrote Alven, Hoyle, Shatzman and Su Shu-huang. This field directed from one pole of star or planet to another creates an ideal capture for plasma of which our thermonuclear specialists can only dream. It compresses the plasma of star and disables it to dissipate under affection of temperatures and convective flows. Existence of magnetic fields around planets can be explained only by way of existence of their electron envelopes.

Second, belt separation of electron envelope in velocities premises at the belt boundaries the weakened attraction of electrons and as a consequence - instability of flows and their turbulence. Near-equator flows have maximal difference in velocities (and turbulence). Namely there arise the utmost vortexes. Vortex of electrons is an electromagnet whose lines of force are directed along the axis of vortex, i.e. perpendicularly to the surface of star or planet. On the Sun these are so-called dark spots, on the Jupiter this is its Red spot. This is just the "frozen" vertical magnetic field which Alven, Hoyle and others wrote of.

Electron vortex by its magnetic field creates a gap in the magnetic capture of star, and flows of substance that gained their velocity either from temperature or on the account of convective flows direct towards this gap.

As we already know from Hayashi's works, convective flows arise in stars whose mass is 1,5 of Sun mass or less. Before, the substance flowed away from star only on account of temperature motion, so it occurs slowly. But the mechanism of rotation deceleration and mass loss is clearly followed here.

D. Menzel in his book "Our Sun" [11] (1963) describes the convective flows so: "Convective flows divide the entire Sun surface into separate areas - granules that are about few hundred kilometres across, and descending and ascending flows alternate in them. In descending flows cold plasma goes downwards, and in ascending flows hot plasma goes upwards. The speed of flowing up plasma achieves 150 km/s and more, it flies high above the surface and creates fountains - pixels. Just in few minutes ascending and descending flows substitute each other. Near the dark spots the pixels reveal most of their activity creating protuberances" (bolded by mine - N.N.)

When the Sun belonged to F5 class (now it belongs to the next class G), the power of electron vortexes in its envelope and velocity of convective flows were maximal. The energy of motion of ejected plasma was enough to eject this plasma to the orbit, and planets were formed there. If the substance came to orbits in such way, the mechanism of chemical separation looks absolutely transparent. First, this is Maxwellian distribution of velocities for all the gamut of masses of atoms, ions and particles. In such way the peak of distribution is placed in the area of Saturn and Jupiter, and correlation of light and heavy atoms changes just so as this is observed. Second, magnetic field of electron vortexes coalesced with the ejected plasma acts on it as a separator and some distorts the pattern of Maxwellian distribution.

Now it remains to recall that ejected substance will be arrested only in stable quantized orbits where it creates planets [12]. All the rest is the matter of mechanics.

Conclusions

Basing on works by Abney, Alven, Hoyle, Shatzman, Su Shu-huang, Hayashi and others, as well as by modelling the mechanisms and processes occurring in star formation, we developed the hypothesis of star evolution, formation of electron envelope and magnetic (horizontal and vertical) fields around them, as well as the mechanism of ejection of substance to the space and formation of planet systems. Thus, we showed the mutual influence of micro-processes at the level of atoms and particles onto macro-processes occurring in space.

1. Abney. The technique to determine the star rotation velocity by way of spectrographic observations with the help of Doppler effect. UK, 1877. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 123 (Russian).

2. Struve, O.L. Star rotation velocity determination with the help of Doppler effect. USA, 1928. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 123 (Russian).

3. Shine, G.A. Star rotation velocity determination with the help of Doppler effect. Russia. 1928. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 123 (Russian).

4. Alven, H. Mechanism to pass the rotational momentum from the star to planets by way of magnetic field. Sweden, 1950. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 124 (Russian).

5. Hoyle, F. The cosmogonic hypothesis. UK, 1958. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 125 (Russian).

6. Shatzman, A. The mechanism of star loss of rotational moment. France, 1962. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 128 (Russian).

7. Su Shu-huang. Shatzman's mechanism to explain anomalous distribution of rotational moment in the Sun system. 1965. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 129 (Russian).

8. Hayashi, C. Theory of protostar evolution. In: Shklovsky, I.S. Universe, life, mind. Nauka, Moscow, 1976, p. 130 (Russian).

9. Frank-Kamenetsky, D.A. Plasma, the fourth state of substance. Atomizdat, Moscow, 1975 (Russian).

10. Frenkel, Ya.I. Principles of atomic core theory. P.H. of Academy of Sciences of USSR. Moscow - Leningrad, 1950, p. 232 (Russian).

11. Menzel, D.G. Our Sun. Fizmathgiz, Moscow, 1963. (Russian, translated from English).

12. Noskov, N.K. Stability of Solar system. Science of Kazakhstan, 1999, 15, www.n-t.org/tpe/ng/uss.htm (Russian and English).