V.5 No 2 |
13 |
On reality of black holes | |
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Fig. 8. An example of visually growing shell of the star V 836 Monocerotis [Light Continues to Echo Three Years After Stellar Outburst, http://hubblesite.org/newscenter/newsdesk/archive/releases/2005/02/image/ ]
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As concerns to giant stars to which are attributed the
masses about ~ (108 The same story is with the temperature of a star. On the surface of expanded giant, we will measure the first thousands of degrees; on the chromoshpere of visible disk - the first dozens thousands of degrees; on the surface of 'white dwarf' which uncovers after the explosion we will measure hundreds thousands and even million of degrees of surface temperature. Today scientists make of it too far conclusions of extreme energy of some stars, while this is a simple lack of attention to the level of star structure, where the temperature is measured. And the fall of surface temperature with the age means not the cooling star but more effectively screened radiation of the nucleus. As well as high intensity of radiation after explosive uncovering of the shell does not mean a least that the star itself shrinks to 10 km in diameter and turns to the state of neutron star. The counter-pressure, which existed in the nucleus before the explosion, will effectively counteract such shrink. Simply after the explosion we see the unscreened radiation of the nucleus. At the same time, this feature does not mean that there in the universe are no objects with the mass which well exceeds that of Sun. Perhaps they exist, but the images of all known objects of such kind (see, e.g., Fig. 4) show that in better resolution they all appear to be the associations of discrete bodies and never are a single giant body. All our knowledge of such objects brings us to a thought that giant protogalactic clouds scatter in gravity compression into a multitude of discrete masses and form the galactic nucleus consisting of stars, but it never remains to be a single mass. Among tremendous number of known associations and galaxies no one has in its centre a trustworthily single superstar. But if speaking of black holes as if able to be produced in the celestial bodies that have 2- 3 Solar masses, we have to note the following. As we revealed it above, in accordance with relativistic calculations (after Oppenheimer), the nuclear 'fuel' has to 'burn out' before the free fall. With it the speed of free fall to the centre has to be close to that of light. But first, even if the 'fuel' 'burns out' (which is quite doubtful), this occurs not at the moment. And second, as we also said above, the stable evolution of star precedes the so-called free fall, which cannot provide the free fall of substance onto the centre, nothing to say of effective counter-pressure existing within the star.
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a b |
c d |
Fig. 9. The examples of old, 'burnt out' stars: (a) and (b) is the Ant nebula, http://heritage.stsci.edu/2001/05/big.html (c) and (d) is the nebula ? 9, PRC97-38a, STSci OPO, December 17, 1997, B. Balick (University of Washington) and NASA, http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery/ Left images are positives and right images are negatives
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As an example of such kind of dying stars, we show in Fig. 9 two images of old stars. They have a very typical shape of stellar wind (typical just for dying stars) directed with equator and having an heterogeneous structure well seen in negatives (right images). The shape of luminous halo in the positives is largely deformed, as it shows the distribution of the rest of shell located along the equator and excited by the stellar wind. Our Sun also has such structure of stellar wind, which we showed in [31]. But in the images we see no precursors that the substance of these stars falls onto the centre with the speed of light. In accordance with relativistic calculations, this is possible only at zero pressure within the star, - while we showed, this is basically impossible. |
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