V.3 No 1

63

Chapter 2. Hypothesis of origin of planetary system (part 1)

2.3. Electric field of hot body

Gravitation heat of substance during the star formation has giant consequences, and first of them reveals as early as at the protostar stage. It concerns the basic physical property of substance which still, as far as we know, took the least attention of researchers.

As we saw in the section 2.2, in central region of protostar cloud the pressure and temperature grow simultaneously, up to initiating the thermonuclear reactor that requires, as known, millions degree of temperature and megapascals of pressure provided by gravity compression. We know from physics, already at first hundred thousand degrees the substance gets such excitation that the natural energy of electrons exceeds the ability of nuclei to contain them, and electrons leave their atoms. The more, this energy is enough, a part of electrons to get over the barrier of protostar core and to fly away to the envelope that consists mainly of neutral hydrogen. This effect is similar to the thermoelectron emission, but it has its considerable distinct.

As such, "we can think the phenomenon of thermoelectron emission as the evaporation of electrons from emitter. With thermoelectron emission, there spends the heat to evaporate (to emit). This heat is the larger the more is the work of exit of emitter similar to the heat of evaporation of atoms and molecules. Balance between the exit of thermoelectrons from emitter and their reverse condensation onsets when over the surface of this emitter there is present the electron gas of a definite density similar to the density of saturated vapour in evaporation of atoms and molecules. The thermodynamic consideration of the system "emitter - balanced electron gas above it" also gives a possibility to yield the expression for j(T) (the current of emission with respect to temperature - authors). This consideration makes no suppositions of the properties of electrons within emitter, but it requires to know the properties of electron gas above emitter. If we consider this gas as ideal (we can substantiate the legality of it almost for all known emitters), on the basis of thermodynamics we yield the equation

(where is the mean factor of thermoelectron reflection from the boundary "emitter - vacuum"; A₀ = 4ek ² m/ h ³ = 120 a/ cm ² *grad ²  ; m is the mass of electron, and h  is the Planck constant). From this equation we see that the thermoelectron emission of a body at the given temperature is determined by the work of exit and the mean factor of thermoelectron passing (1 - ) through the boundary "emitter - vacuum"; this last is close to 1 and does not strongly differ in different emitters, so the main characteristic of thermocathode is its work of exit" [7, p. 174].

In the protostar, the temperature growth is proportional to the pressure growth. First the pressure compacts atoms on account of dense packing, then - of pressing the electrons out of their orbits. Thus, the very gravity compression serves as the external potential making thermoelectrons exit easier. With it the above regularity on the whole remains true. In other words, some peculiar gravitation differentiation of mass, only at the level of protons and electrons, promotes the electrons to emit from the core of protostar. And the part of electrons able to leave the central region of protostar increases with the temperature in exponential fashion - it means, we can state, before the thermonuclear reactor flashes, only a negligible part of electrons remains in the core of protostar. This means that at a definite stage before flashing, the initially neutral substance of mother gas-dust complex actively electrically stratifies and forms central positively charged core and surrounding negatively charged cloud of the exterior cocoon. Actually, Shklovsky multiply emphasises that the cradle of protostars are clouds of neutral hydrogen, but when the protostar has formed, it is surrounded by the ionised hydrogen.

It was Pickering [8, p. 92] who discovered the phenomenon of substance ionisation when studied the spectra of Stern. When comparing this study with Fowler laboratory experiments with mixture of hydrogen and helium in vacuum tubes [9], Bohr [10, p. 92- 93], concluded so: if Fowler obtained partly ionised gas, Pickering observed fully ionised helium, i.e. the nature has applied to Stern the energy larger by orders than people were able to achieve in laboratory with the help of powerful discharge. Now we see, there in a star occurs truly grandiose redistribution of energy able to provide such ionisation. We can see an example of such charge separation, returning to the Serpens where Shklovsky notices the absence of however large regions of ionised hydrogen [1, p. 95] - i.e., where the gravity heat still is not large, the molecular cloud still is not ionised. At the same time Shklovsky emphasises, all flashed stars have a strongly ionised atmosphere, and we see in Figures 2.8.5 and 2.8.6, the star is shown in surrounding of ionised hydrogen.