V.3 No 1

45

On the nature of red shift of Metagalaxy

According to Vavilov, for each substance some typical wavelength ₀ is inherent after which an abrupt fall of the output begins" [24, p. 29]. The typical curve of the luminescence output against the exciting light wavelength (after Vavilov) is shown in Fig. 10.

We see in this plot the essential distinct of experimental results from theoretical (the dotted line) in the extremum region. The growth of luminescence output with the growing wavelength deviates from the linear law already at /₀ 2 ; the maximum amplitude amounts 0,8 of the calculated, and the luminescence output fall is involved into the prohibited region. "The abruptly falling branch relates to the so-called anti-Stokes region in which, violating the Stokes rule, the radiated quanta have the energy larger than those absorbed; the molecules extract the additional energy, probably, on the account of their oscillation energy" [24, p. 31]. This means, the between-the-levels transitions in atoms are determined not so rigid as the quantum theory postulates. The luminescence excitation is more alike the synchronisation of resonance oscillations of electrons between the stable orbits than the absorption/radiation of the energy quanta. When the wavelength of synchronising EM field approaches to ₀, there grows the heat oscillation influence and the second-order impacts breaking the synchronisation for some part of the substance, in this way they decrease the luminescence output. But in the prohibited region, even with the deficient extent of synchronisation, some atoms will retain the resonance oscillations. This shows the quantum representation as a very rough symbolic approximation to some aggregate of the wave processes occurring in the atom in its interaction with the dynamic EM field. In the relatively simple cases of stable resonance interaction, the quantum relationships are even convenient, as they allow the simplified calculations. However when the conditions of interaction approach the limits of processes instability, when synchronisation of the external field and between-the-levels electron resonance oscillation breaks for a part of atoms, when the heat oscillations become comparable in their effect with the synchronising external affection, we have to take into consideration not only and not so much the quantum mechanics postulates as the physics of processes describing the balance between the synchronising and desynchronising influence on the processes in atoms.

In case of rarefied gases, the influence of temperature fluctuations essentially attenuates. "In the enough rarefied atom vapours in which the mean time between the atom collisions well exceeds the mean time of the given excited state, the luminescence output has to be equal to the unity. This is corroborated by the experimental data of the output of resonance fluorescence" [23, p. 33].

In the application of these briefly described regularities to the case of interstellar gas, we have to take into account additionally a number of important features analysed above.

First, with such low density of particles (0,02- 1 particle/cm³) the possibility of non-radiative transitions is fully excluded. "As no processes of interaction of the excited atoms with the substance 'have no time' to occur, practically all atoms, ions and molecules can do their transitions only 'down', to their main state, radiating the corresponding quanta" [20, p. 37]. "Then the energy accumulated in the metastable state will finally be radiated as the 'prohibited' spectral lines, i.e. such lines which are radiated extremely seldom. So the emission lines origin which are observed in the spectra of planetary nebulas and polar lights; at the Earth conditions we still cannot reproduce these lines" [25, p. 353].

Second, despite great rarefaction of the interstellar gas, it reveals all properties of the continuum. This offers to speak of interaction not of separate particles but of the particles assemblages with the external radiation.

Third, low kinetic temperature of the interstellar gas with large intervals between the collisions promotes the atoms, ions and molecules to remain the 'lowest' level. This reflects in the discrepancy between the colour temperature and very low density of radiant energy, as it mentioned Shklovsky. In fact, there is no discrepancy. The lack of conditions for non-radiative transitions (that are known to increase the heat oscillations of atoms) makes most probable the transitions with maximal energy radiation. So the excited atoms have a large colour temperature, whereas their own kinetic temperature remains low. All the rest energy is simply 'translated' through the atom, doing not increasing its heat energy.

Fourth, as we showed above, the peculiarity of metastable level of hydrogen under conditions of interstellar gas is its very small difference from the non-excited level. This favours the fact that despite the low kinetic temperature of gas, this level remains enough 'populated', since at these conditions its transition energy is comparable with the atom's heat energy. "The atom of hydrogen located at the upper level of super-thin structure with much more probability will transit to the lower level without radiation of the quantum 21 cm. This will take place in usual collisions among the hydrogen atoms. For the hydrogen in the interstellar gas cloud, the time interval between two such collisions will be 'only' few hundred years - the term relatively negligible. On the other hand, the same collisions will cause the excitation of the upper level of super-thin structure. Whereat some balanced distribution of atoms in levels of super-thin structure will settle, at which there will be trice more atoms at the upper level than at the lower level" [20, p. 44]. Not only and not so much the atoms collisions that occur too seldom, but rather the EM heat radiation exchange will promote the balance. Furthermore, at such specific conditions of interstellar gas the inductive influence of the atoms of assemblage upon each other will be important. Anyway, the common energetic balance in the rarefied interstellar gas is the consequence of the aggregate of very weak processes of interaction between the particles of this medium.