V.5 No 1

5

Chapter 2. Hypothesis of origin of planetary system (part I1)

a

b

Fig. 2.30. Polar spouts of galaxies: a - young galaxy Centaurus A. Behind the haze of dusty disk the overheated white nucleus is seen. Polar spouts inflect and direct the ejected substance to the equatorial plane of galaxy and spatially convex arm is formed of this substance. "The X-ray/optical/radio image of Centaurus A. Credit: X-ray (NASA/CXC/M. Karovska et al.); radio image in 21 cm (NRAO/VLA./J. van Gorkom et al.); extended radio image (NRAO/VLA/J. Condon et al.); optical image (Digitized Sky Survey U.K. Schmidt Image/STScI)" [17]

b - adult galaxy M 82 with dense, well formed, plane arms and more calm white-yellow nucleus. Just as in a star, in a galaxy the envelope drains to the equator. In polar regions free of gas-dust 'cap' we can see the circulation of substance of nucleus, due to which the arms are formed of the substance ejected by the nucleus.  http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/pictures/wfpc

This phenomenon is practically invisible in most galaxies - possibly, this release of substance is not permanent, it occurs only as definite stars are overheated and need to release their excess heat; but the result of this process is well seen in the same Fig. 2.26a where the nucleus is surrounded by a dense haze; today quite many such galaxies are known. But there are the galaxies in which such emanations from the nucleus are brightly expressed - for example, Centaurus A and M 82 shown in Fig. 2.30. Earlier images of these galaxies made from terrestrial telescopes had worse resolution, and scattered substance swirling above the poles looked like disordered residuals of powerful explosion. From this and from images of galaxy M 87 with its famous ejection (see Fig. 2.31), there followed far conclusions of explosive and perishing destiny of evolved galaxies and the Universe. We intentionally give utterly large new images of Hubble telescope to make distinctively visible: the ejections from nuclei are perfectly ordered and the substance of polar ejections does not leave the galaxy; remaining within its gravity field, it returns to the galaxy and redistributes from the nucleus to periphery. These images themselves answer the question of not small importance, where from in the high vacuum of intergalactic medium the periphery of galaxy takes its substance? The second force impeding the substance to scatter to outer space is its electron cocoon surrounding the galaxy; below we will consider this force in more details. We also not once will return to other aspects that are brightly revealed in these galaxies.

It is very typical how the authors of these images describe them: "Located 10 million light-years away, Centaurus A is a type of galaxy known as "elliptical." It is one of the brightest sources of radio waves in the sky, which suggests the presence of a supermassive black hole at its center… Warped discs like this are the "smoking guns" of galactic cannibalism, providing proof that one galaxy once made a meal of another." [18]. As we can see from our description, bent gas-dust disks are natural signs of young galaxy and give no grounds to accuse the galaxy in cannibalism that overfill the explanations made by famous teams. We also have proven in [14] that black holes are basically impossible. Images 2.30 demonstrate too powerful ejection of substance from the nuclei of these galaxies to attempt so-so fit it with the idea of black hole that by definition absorb the substance, doing not letting out even light.

a                                                                                   b

Fig. 2.31. The polar ejection from the galaxy M 87 (NGC 4486, Virgo A).

"The jet originates in the disk of superheated gas swirling around this black hole and is propelled and concentrated by the intense, twisted magnetic fields trapped within this plasma. The light that we see (and the radio emission) is produced by electrons twisting along magnetic field lines in the jet, a process known as synchrotron radiation, which gives the jet its bluish tint… The data were collected with Hubble's Wide Field Planetary Camera 2 in 1998 by J.A. Biretta, W.B. Sparks, F.D. Macchetto, and E.S. Perlman (STScI). The Hubble Heritage team combined these exposures of ultraviolet, blue, green, and infrared light in order to create this color image." [19] http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery

As we see, the authors of image 2.31 attribute the presence of black hole also to M 87, telling at the same time of huge permanent ejection from its nucleus during all observation time; which speaks of itself, there lays a basic discrepancy. And they also are speaking that this jet is the flow of substance either to the intergalactic space or into some other object invisible in the images. While here we clearly see, the polar spout shows us only its another aspect. Its top is absolutely in the same way returned back to the nucleus, i.e. the substance of jet returns and forms the periphery of galaxy, - just as Centaurus A and M 82. All three galaxies obviously differ from others only by the might of their dynamic electric field, due to which their polar spouts are too bright. As to M 87, the authors studying it mark: "Interestingly, a similar phenomenon occurs around young stars, though at much smaller scales and energies". This corroborates, polar ejections are regular for hot celestial bodies as such, the difference is only in scale of this phenomenon and that in young objects this effect is revealed brighter.

The said means, peripheral substance is the substance of envelopes of stars belonging to the galaxy nucleus - substance self-redistributed in the course of thermal balance of the system. Only the brightly revealed polar emission in case of these three galaxies tell of their powerful magnetic field that adds to the natural ejection the parameters of explosion, not of catastrophic explosions wiping the galaxy out.

The only question which can arise in consideration of these images is, why polar ejections flow not widely but as a narrow, concentrated beam. If we here draw the diagram of electric field of such galaxy (see Fig. 2.32), we will see the field also ordering the flow of substance: neutral and positively charged particles deflect to the equatorial plane the more the stronger is field; accordingly, their flow is drawn closer to the equatorial plane, while negatively charged particles just form the column of polar emanations, which the field not only deflects but in case of very strong field is able even to constrict into a vortex core, as we see it in Fig. 2.30a; this effect of self-constriction of plasma beam is well known in stellarators. Though, we have to make a notice, the substance emanating from the nucleus of Centaurus A is most likely not so much massive as overexcited, just this creates such impressive volume of illumination.

Fig. 2.32. Redistribution of electric charge in a galaxy and its effect on emanation from the nucleus