SELF

10

O.N. Karavashkina and S.B. Karavashkin

Hayashi, and Shklovsky after him [1, p. 87], count that the star brightness some falls after the flare, to the level of its usual course; given the flare is pulsing process, this seems logic. As we described it in the item 2.4, the sum of all structural interactions causes the rotation moment which finally cuts the star off the parental cloud and forms its spherical shape.

a                                                     b                                                    c

Fig. 2.40. The stage of transition from parental cloud to the star: a - shapeless clouds tell us that these stars yet have not a magnetic field; this image has been made by George Herbig and Eduardo Martin , copied on http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research , page "Stars and the Galaxy"; b - magnetic field under formation gives the shape to the protostar substance, http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research; c - the same image in negative shows this group of stars yet not separated from the parental cloud, but being just under way out of it

In Fig. 2.40 we see similar semi-stars, semi-clouds: still shapeless (a) and already gaining their shape (b) systems, already separating from parental cloud (which is especially well seen in the negative of image (b) shown in Fig. 2.40c). This negative image 2.40c shows that now these two multiple systems are under separation from parental cloud and from each other.

a                                                                   b

Fig. 2.41. "NGC 2080, nicknamed "The Ghost Head Nebula" is one of a chain of star-forming regions lying south of the 30 Doradus nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud … In the white region, the two bright areas (the "eyes of the ghost") - named A1 (left) and A2 (right) -- are very hot, glowing "blobs" of hydrogen and oxygen. The bubble in A1 is produced by the hot, intense radiation and powerful stellar wind from one massive star. A2 contains more dust and several hidden, massive stars." a - NGC 2080 in positive, copied at http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/gallery/universe and is available also at http://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/wfpc , b - the negative of this image

Now let us consider, how multiple systems form and why in some cases they separate from each other and in some other cases do not. Fig. 2.41 gives us an opportunity to descry multiple system formation in more details than we just saw in Fig. 2.40b. We see two groups of just flared stars; the system as a whole just has separated from the parental cloud, and the negative image shows it not fully separated. We also see, too close location of stars caused such situation that when stars flared and negatively charged ions took their place in the envelope, the nuclei appeared at the same time within both cocoons and collectivised their cocoons, whereupon this part has separated from the parental cloud as a multiple system. Not only two bright groups of stars glowing through the residual of parental cloud tell of it - we cannot judge from appearance, whether these stars are one system or occasionally appeared in one image, - but also two arms originating from the nebula tell that they are just a system. Yet not quite regular spherical shape of the nebula also tells, it undergoes the stage of formation.

Just such envelopes around very young stars are now called protoplanetary nebulae. But this is only not so much dense gas dragged by the system from parental cloud which, as we told before, consists mainly of hydrogen. Researchers tell, this nebula consists of hydrogen and of well less part of oxygen. Young stars of this system meanwhile also consist of these elements; thus, we basically may not suppose the protoplanet formation to be probable here. Very soon electron pump will put in order the substance of newly born system and its envelope will become transparent.

And one more important feature of this image. With the help of negative we see quite large angle between the plane of arms and equatorial plane; it speaks of temporal disbalance of the system and of the shift between its mass centre and charge centre. Large distance between A1 and A2 speaks of this, too - or we still see not all stars of this cluster. In this relation this is rare for star systems and very expressive image. Compared with it, Fig. 2.40c shows that much disbalanced multiple systems find their balanced state by way of separation - total rotation moments of these groups did not match, and different rotation has separated the nucleus, while NGC 2080 remained to be one system.

a

b

Fig. 2.42. Galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163 establish their reciprocal balance http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery

It will be appropriate to show here another variant of interaction in the pair which researchers luckily photographed in the galaxies NGC 2207 and IC 2163. At the first sight, there occurs just the 'cannibalism' which is now widely attributed to galaxies. But if we look more attentive, we will see, they both retain their structures. The galaxy IC 2163 rotates against the clock and its left arm just has left their common region, left unharmed - unharmed field of this galaxy corroborates it. The field is known to be proportional to the mass - consequently, the mass does not flow into the larger galaxy. There also are not explosions, neither disorder which would have to accompany a collision, no flows from one galaxy to another, but we see a clearly expressed boundary layer of interaction between the nuclei and origin of joint periphery, which tells of partial junction of cocoons and multiple system formation (it is very clear seen in the negative image). The authors studying this pair write: "The bright oval streams extend on either side to form long tidal arms that fling out stars and gas for 100 thousand light years." We would agree, such close interaction, of course, raises tidal forces and eye-like elongate both central parts, but the arms are here not tidal and they do not fling out the substance of galaxies. As the result of this event, the cocoons can fully or partially join around both nuclei, which will balance each other either like protons within the atom nucleus or like atoms balancing in the molecule.