chapter2

Now let us return to the main subject of our consideration. It follows from the said above that star formation in the arms results from inner processes which are independent and do not need whatever external affection (naturally, except the external process that caused the crucial, by Shklovsky, density of cloud) and do not need such stimulating affection which till now was thought necessary - explosion in the near or a galactic wave that have to compress the cloud and to cause the gas collapse into a protostar blob. Indeed, we have not to deny galactic waves of explosion whose effect in the blast front is in its result similar to the substance concentration in the arms, although such excitation is more probable to form a primary cluster - such of which the galactic nucleus consists. But such excitation can be an additional stimulus for star formation in the arms. If such excitation takes place, it actually can additionally contract the cloud in which the density yet was not crucial, over-concentrate the substance and cause a simultaneous formation of association of stars located very close to each other. In the mentioned before Orion constellation we see an example - a path of young stars formed up by age, and now there is formed a large association of stars (see Fig. 2.43). Shklovsky writes, it is formed after the 'supernova' exploded in the near; it could stimulate, of course. We only would emphasise again, it is formed just in the arm of our Galaxy, where the conditions were present due to which an additional contraction by a blast wave appeared able to form the cluster of young stars. The negative of this image (b) and special contrasting (c) reveal not only spherical shape but also the common field of this cluster. Comparing with Fig. 2.41, we obviously see the same mechanism of formation of a system containing any number of stars.

Summing up the said above, we can notice some first common regularities. For example, parameters of which the star formation depends are strongly interrelated: the more mass of substance simultaneously collapses and forms the nuclear 'boiler' and the more powerful electric and magnetic fields are formed by the separated charges of star, the more its rotation moment is developed and the faster this star is separated from the cloud - this is why the protostar cannot accumulate the gas of cloud up to infinity.

Seemingly, by force of this regularity of formation, all stars would have to have some more or less "standard" mass. But quantity of substance included to the star obviously depends also on the value of external field - the more is external field in the region (galactic or raised by some local processes) the stronger it affects the natural field of a star and faster the star separates from the cloud. So in accordance with this reasoning, each gas-dust complex producing some star association under affection of external force of the same strength and direction has to form stars of similar mass and orientation of rotation axis. So both in the considered above arm of galaxy NGC 1569 (Fig. 2.37) and in the association of young stars in Orion, we see a chain of blue giants of O- B class, which speaks of calm situation in these regions during star formation. Shklovsky also emphasises that in globular clusters, stars always belong to the same class of radiance, spectrum, and age [1, p. 23- 24]. Though we have to mark in general, stars do not so much differ from each other in mass, as it is used to think. Their outward difference is rather caused by the expansion and rarefaction of the envelope - and this can be very large, up to 4- 5 orders of radius. With it, the expanded envelope can serve as the lens amplifying the radiance of star for the observer; due to this we see the temperature of nuclear surface not immediately but transformed by the envelope; in this way our understanding of real parameters of star and its thermodynamical balance is much distorted. Just so we often see giant stars to be red, i.e. less hot. But when once the star bursts, we see, there exists an envelope, under it - thermoinsulating vacuum sub-envelope, and under it - just the nucleus whose temperature is well hotter. We will speak of it in more details in the items 2.8 and 2.9.

When the star some develops its electric field and rotation moment, it begins rotating as an independent body, neutral on the whole, which means - not frozen into the galactic arm. Henceforth the star will orbit with its own angular velocity, and we see a hole in the parental cloud; some time star formation will not occur here, until the cloud accumulates new gas-dust mass and new pressure. The substance will not so easy redistribute along the radius, as the accumulation of gas-dust substance is driven by the tangential force.

Simultaneously with the envelope formation, a thick vacuum interlayer is formed inside the star; it very well thermally insulates the nucleus from envelope, so the star appears to be a highly conservative system; as opposite to common opinion, its thermal loss is negligibly small, mainly through the radiation. The electron cocoon from its side limits the radial propagation of star substance, so the star does not loss the mass, as it is thought, ions only circulate in the outer envelope. From this, the upgoing stream observed in the disordered envelopes of young stars - stellar wind - is very intensive. We will consider this important issue of contemporary astrophysics in the end of this chapter, when speaking of the stellar wind transformation during the star evolution. Here we would only underline an important point: stellar wind is not the loss of substance to the outer space but circulation of this substance in the peripheral region of star and galaxy.

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Chapter 2. Hypothesis of origin of planetary system (part I1)