SELF

8

O.N. Karavashkina and S.B. Karavashkin

Now in Fig. 2.38 we can see no less active galaxy in whose nucleus bright young blue stars predominate; their powerful electric field has formed the arms with so high potential that these sharply contoured arms are now totally the centre of stars formation, and practically all the substance of this galaxy at once forms the stars (we can compare this image with the galaxy M 51 shown in Fig. 2.27, where the star formation is interspersed along the arms). If there was a possibility to repeat the image of Fig. 2.38 with better resolution, we most likely would see the massed formation of multiple systems and clusters. Interestingly, in the image there is present another galaxy with the blue nucleus. Most probably, this tells of very calm intergalactic field in this region of the universe (we will substantiate it some below).

Fig. 2.38. Whirlpool galaxy. E-Postcard-Spitzer-Nov. 5, 2004 by JPL NASA, Spitzer Space Telescope

Now let us consider the mechanism, how the protostar cloud turns into the star. This qualitative transformation occurs at the level of atoms of compressing cloud.

The pressure in the gas-dust complex formed by the spiral arms grows more or less evenly along the whole arm, with the gradient towards the galaxy nucleus, but of course, some local unevenness always exists, and we showed it above by the example of Keyhole. When the density in the local parts of arm reaches the limit value derived by Shklovsky, in this part the gravity compression of substance begins, - this means the free fall stage. Of course, it is not fully free fall at this stage, as both potential barriers of atoms and forces of thermal expansion of protostellar cloud counteract compression. And due to the fact that the gas pressure in the arm permanently grows, thermal expansion is got over and compression goes on, up to potential barrier breakage and gathering atomic nuclei into multiple systems - just the process that we call nucleosynthesis.

The cause of this phenomenon Eddington [23] countered in electron's thermal escaping from the nucleus, at which electrons become collective. Frenkel [24, p. 209- 213] stated that nucleosynthesis in stars goes exceptionally under affection of gravity pressure, - from his view, it will work even if the temperature were zero, - and similarly to the proton steam condensation into a drop of heavier nucleus. Though we should emphasise, condensation cannot be an analogy here, at least because condensation occurs at falling temperature of gas and steam, while here the gravity compression produces high inner pressure and additional heating. Basing on conclusions of [14], we can say, the pressure, being atoms' mutual affection, with too close approach of atoms to each other, as if presses electrons out from their stationary orbits either forces the electron to produce a neutron with nuclear proton. Undoubtedly, this requires high pressure. And it is present in the protostar cloud when the nucleus of future star was formed.

Should only pressure was responsible for this, the compacted protons would simply sink into gas of collectivised electrons, just as Eddington and Frenkel thought. But thermal excitation of electrons makes a part of electrons, when re-closing new orbits, to emit from the overheated region of protostar and to leave the region of super-pressure with the speed that is the higher the higher is temperature in the vicinity. Escaped electrons rush outwards against the gradient of temperature and pressure as independent particles. Losing the speed in collisions with other particles and in the electric field of medium that is formed as the consequence of the same emission, electrons reach the level where their energy already becomes compatible with the binding energy of atom, so in the outer levels of envelope, stars create negatively charged ions with the atoms-recipients. Consequently, the distance to which emitted electrons scatter is proportional to their start energy specified by the collapse in the nucleus of future star. Just so there is formed the electron envelope of which we already said in the item 2.4 and of which Noskov wrote [25], who, however, also thinks only pressure to be the cause of charge separation. As the second distinction from other authors, we think the electrons in the star envelope to be not independent but making associations with neutral atoms, with whom they are involved into radial circulation, as we described it in the item 2.4. Because of it, in the outer level of star envelope, there always is indicated higher abundance of negatively charged light ions. Just due to thermal emission of free electrons, there form the magnetic field, electron pump, spherical shape and rotation momentum - all attributes of star. And actually, observations indicate ionised gas around hot stars and sharp transition from ionised gas of star envelopes to neutral gas of interstellar space [1, p. 38- 39]. This is just the real boundary of star bodies, though their visual disks are by several orders less than real size.

Another consequence of thermal electron emission is the collapse in the given region of protostar cloud, because in the region where the pressure has broken through the potential barrier of atoms, the substance becomes more compact by orders of size - the naked nucleus without electron orbits takes the space by 4- 5 orders less than that with electrons [26], so a considerable part of this volume vacates in each act of particular proton combination into associations, which is facilitated by electron thermoemission from the star nucleus. Just the local collapse forms a selected centre in the cloud that was almost evenly distributed along the arm. With the selection of this centre, in which much more part is under affection of high pressure and temperature, the history of just the star begins; and then this star will separate from general mass of gas-dust complex.