V.5 No 1

9

Chapter 2. Hypothesis of origin of planetary system (part I1)

The start of nucleosynthesis is brightly expressed from outwards. Of course, we do not see the collapse deep in the star, but great number of escaping thermoelectrons emit from the star nucleus. We see the flare and count from this instant the age of star as such. The flare makes an illusion of scattering substance of star, although factually only a small part of its central part undergoes, we would emphasise, a collapse - "explosion inwards", while the peripheral substance at this stage remains comparably calm. And only scattering thermoelectrons - about 0,0005 mass part of collapsing substance (relation of electron to proton mass in the hydrogen atom) - with a small part of mass surrounding just formed centre which electrons drag, really form an appearance of scattering.

Fig. 2.39. The instant of protostar-to-star transition. Copied on http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/magnetic/ where the 40-second animation of this flare is available

In Fig. 2.39 we see the image of star believed to be exploding 'nova', but it is easy to show, this is not 'nova' but just flared star with all its typical attributes. First of all, 'nova' can be an already formed star which both in calm state and at the instant of explosion practically always retains a regular spherical shape. Before, in Fig. 2.17, we saw the images of typical 'nova' that corroborate the said. Below we also will consider some images and see, 'nova'-like explosion almost never breaks spherical shape of the star. While the star shown in Fig. 2.39 looks like a shapeless blob, and this tells that this star yet has not been finally formed. Bright spouts of substance are just scattering electrons that will further form the electron cocoon. In full accordance with the described in item 2.4, they bomb the cloud, ionise its peripheral substance, excite it, drag it, reach the level of balance of thermal, electrostatic, and gravity forces - and turn their trajectories back to the star. They make ions with neutral substance of periphery, reduce it to the star envelope and in this way localise the star as a new feature in the spiral arm. In the image we see strong jets of the substance directed not simply along the radius but along the circulation force lines that return back to the star; we showed them before in general scheme of magnetic field of star, Fig. 2.16 (and conveniently repeat it here). Impetuously (because of pulsing jets of electrons) forming magnetic field and its consequences - rotation momentum and spherical shape - just attribute the edge of transition from protostar the to star stage.

Fig. 2.16. Scheme of electric field of star is here convenient to compare with the photo image of process of this field formation shown in Fig. 2.39

Thus, in Fig. 2.39 we see the starting stage of electron pump whose part in star formation and evolution is really invaluable. Just its intensity at the early stage of star evolution makes young stars brightly glowing and having powerful magnetic field. Later, when rotation moment of the star stabilises, the centrifugal force, which is maximal in low latitudes, will form the envelope - not spherical but as if flowing down from poles to equator, as we saw it in the same Fig. 2.17. While in Fig. 2.39 the equatorial belt yet only takes its future shape - this speaks that the magnetic field is at the earliest stage of its formation.

If now we return to the above considered galaxies Centaurus A, M 82, and M 87 (Fig. 2.30 , fig 2.30 b and 2.31), we will be able to see their full analogy with the processes in stars. The same as in the star, brightly glowing spouts of negatively charged ions form the electron pump. And we conclude again, in all three galaxies we see a regular circulation of substance. Due to great scale of this phenomenon, due to perfect quality of images, here we clearly see: the nuclei of these galaxies do not loss their mass; the emitted substance returns back to the galaxy absolutely so as in Fig. 2.39. This also is the electron pump in action, only galactic. Another analogy with the star is, the envelope of adult galaxy also is rarefied over the poles and maximally dense around the galactic equator, as we saw it in the mentioned Fig. 2.17. Very visual image shown in fig 2.30 b   makes understandable processes occurring also in stars, only not always observable because of well less scale of stars.