V.5 No 1

7

Chapter 2. Hypothesis of origin of planetary system (part I1)

2.6. Secondary star formation in the view of galactic dynamic electric field affection

Above, in the item 2.3, describing the standard idea of star formation, we told that its cause is now thought to be some local heterogeneity, singularity of the field, potential well (minimum of the field) that is formed behind the front of some galactic wave passing; interstellar gas drains to it and forms gas-dust complexes (conveniently return to Fig. 2.7). As we can see from the item 2.5, the secondary star formation has no need to premise such wave, as the galaxy has its front of wave permanently rotating and gathering particles of weighty matter (protons and their associations - ions) from all the space from nucleus to the very electron cocoon. By this reason, gas-dust complexes at the periphery of galaxy are formed not occasionally but permanently, accumulating tremendous mass of substance and densifying it to colossal pressure. In the essence, the arm is as if the factory permanently reworking the interstellar gas and dust into the gas-dust complexes as the intermediate product for star formation.

In Fig. 2.35 we see in general a large amount of dense substance in the Eagle nebula - it is opaque for the light of stars located behind it; hence, these are very dense clouds. We see columns of gas extended along the force lines of field, it is better seen in the negative image. In the finger tips, where pressure is small, spectral energy distribution shows the gas temperature about 20 K, but the main mass is much hotter, of course, as there the substance is actively compacting.

a                                                                                    b 

Fig. 2.35. Dark cloud in the Eagle nebula [6] in the positive (a) and negative (b) which better reveals the clouds extension along the force lines of field. The SCUBA 450 m m image (White et al. 1999). http://www.ifa.hawaii.edu/research

We can see the compaction process with better resolution in the image of other such cloud - Carina nebula, a part of larger nebula Keyhole (see Fig. 2.36). Note, stars are seen through the swirling gas at the edge of nebula, and dark gas is the less swirling the darker it is - with higher pressure in the cloud mass the gas motion gains an order and hampers. These regions are related to the above described stage of free fall, where first signs of structured substance appear. And here we already can see the signs of next stage: among the swirling gas we see dense opaque clusters - nearer candidates to become stars.

Fig. 2.36. Keyhole Nebula - fragment of Carina Nebula (NGC 3372) http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery "The circular Keyhole structure contains both bright filaments of hot, fluorescing gas, and dark silhouetted clouds of cold molecules and dust, all of which are in rapid, chaotic motion. The high resolution of the Hubble images reveals the relative three-dimensional locations of many of these features, as well as showing numerous small dark globules that may be in the process of collapsing to form new stars. These large dark clouds may eventually evaporate, or if there are sufficiently dense condensations within them, give birth to small star clusters. The Carina Nebula, with an overall diameter of more than 200 light-years, is one of the outstanding features of the Southern-Hemisphere portion of the Milky Way. The diameter of the Keyhole ring structure shown here is about 7 light-years. These data were collected by the Hubble Heritage Team and Nolan R. Walborn (STScI), Rodolfo H. Barba (La Plata Observatory, Argentina), and Adeline Caulet (France).

Image Credit: NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (AURA/STScI)" [22] http://heritage.stsci.edu/gallery

In Fig. 2.37 we see the next stage of star formation - a large amount of protostars and just formed stars at different stages of formation in the arm of galaxy NGC 1569. We see the corroboration that the pressure is distributed along the arm, densification goes more or less evenly along the whole front, in different parts of it stars light up earlier, in some other - some later, but potentially the whole cloud represents the substance of already formed and future stars. Bright red fragment in the right upper corner belongs to the protostar just at the instant of flare (it only begins gleaming), in the left bottom corner we see an already flared group of stars, blue stars we see quite formed but still not separated from the cloud. We also see that single and multiple star systems are formed with practically equal probability and it depends only on the size and pressure of a local region in which the substance collapses at a time.

Fig. 2.37. Transition stage between the protostar cloud and the stars: "The nearby dwarf galaxy NGC 1569 is a hotbed of vigorous star birth activity … Photo Credit: NASA/Hubble". The image was taken by Hubble camera designed and built by JPL. Copied from the page "Supernova Blast Bonanza in Nearby Galaxy", http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA05202

If we now return to the considered before Fig. 2.24a, we will see some more interesting details of the galaxy NGC 3393. This is a just coming to being active galaxy with a very dense dust envelope around its double nucleus; its arms still did not develop into the full span, but because of dense envelope, there already goes not simply star formation, but there already has formed a powerful cluster in the abrupt turn of the left bottom arm. Seemingly, it will become the third nucleus of the system; an extended arm of this cluster in the left bottom corner that only began to form speaks of it.